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> How Ugly Was Hephaestos Really
Kice Brown
Posted: February 7, 2007 | 5:48 GMT
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It should be quite clear that Hollander spells names with "th" when we would often normally expect to see a "d": thus Volund's brother is Slagfith rather than Slagfid, and likewise Óthin rather than Odin. In the following I'll try to remember to spell names the more standard way with "d", except when quoting Hollander's translation.

So, Slagfid, the Finn smith, seems almost a double (perhaps originally an epithet) of Volund. Orchard points out that not only smiths but the Finns themselves had reputation for being magical. And the two brothers marry Valkyrie swan-maidens that are themselves sisters. Egil seems the odd brother out; if anything he has a reputation for being an archer rather than a smith, and though he too weds a Valkyrie swan-maiden, she is not sister to his brothers' wives. Nevertheless, both brothers disappear "from the stage" after their wives depart during their eighth winter together while the "weather-wise" brothers are hunting in the forest. Egil sought for his Valkyrie wife to the east, while Slagfid sought for his wife to the south. Volund waited back in Wolfdales for his Valkyrie wife to return.

Nídud and his warriors came to Volund's hall while Volund was out hunting...
QUOTE
From their horses leapt, at the hall's gable-end,
and in they went from end to end;
saw on bast the rings bound together,
full seven hundred which the smith did own.
Off they took all, put them on again;
but one ring they away did take.

Came the weather-wise from the woods striding,
from hunting weary, Volund the Smith.
To broil gan he a bear's meat then,
soon flamed the fire of faggots dry,
the wood wind-dried, on Volund's hearth.

On bearskins resting the rings then told
the alf's folk-warder, and one he missed:
hoped that had it Hlothvér's daughter,
that the young Valkyrie had wended home.

Long time sate he, till asleep he fell;
awakened then to woeful lot:
on his hands had he heavy shackles,
were his feet fastened by fetters strong.


Hollander notes "They take no more than one ring (which probably had magic power) in order not to arouse suspicion. Fearing the supernatural strength of Volund -- he is termed a lord of the alfs -- they mean to overcome him sleeping, and so lie in wait for him until he returns weary from the chase." In Hollander's translation Volund is termed "the alf's folk-warder" in the passage above, and later Nídud calls him once "lord of alfs" and once "alfs' leader" -- so Volund is definitely considered, as an elf, otherworldly. The golden armring Nídud takes he presents to his daughter Bödvild, and he takes Volund's sword for himself.

Back in his own hall, Nídud's unnamed queen warns him about Volund:
QUOTE
"His teeth he bares, the blade as he,
and my daughter's dear ring he sees:
are his eyes awful, like the adder's glittering.
Sever ye soon his sinew's might,
let him sit henceforth in Sævarstath."

And so was done.  They hamstrung him, and set him down on an isle which lay not far from land and was hight Sævarstath.  There he wrought in metal and made the king all manner of precious things.  No one dared go see him but only the king.


Sævarstath (Orchard: Sævarstad) is 'Sea Stead'. With this hamstringing Volund becomes even more crippled than Hephaistos, for he cannot walk at all, but would have to crawl about using his arm strength, and sit (not stand) at the forge.

Nídud's (also unnamed) young sons one day arrive (accompanied by their nurses) with desire to look at all the precious and wondrous objects Volund had made that were kept in "the chest." Volund convinces them to return the next day alone to see "the gleaming gold":
QUOTE
For the keys called they to the chest when they came --
was their ill fate sealed when in they looked.
He hewed off the heads of the hapless lads,
their bodies buried 'neath the bellows' pit.


Hollander notes this is the scene pictured on the Franks Casket. He also notes that in Thiðreks saga (a quite late conflation of many "hero's tales") "Volund tells the boys to return when fresh snow has fallen, and to walk backwards to the door. After their disappearance, Volund is suspected but clears himself by showing the tracks leading from his door." Volund covers their skulls with silver and presents them to Nídud as drinking vessels. He creates shining beads from their eyeballs and "gave to the cunning queen of Níthoth," and sent "beauteous brooches" made from their teeth to Bödvild.

Next, Bödvild herself comes to Volund to have the golden armring repaired.
QUOTE
Did Wily Volund outwit her with drink,
so that on settle asleep she fell.
Orchard quotes these lines (from a different translation) identifying the drink as "beer." This is all that's said at this point in the poem, which continues:
QUOTE
"Are avenged the deed which were done to me,
save one only, on the wicked queen.

Fain would I fare on my feet," quoth Volund,
"whose might from me Níthoth's men have taken"

Laughing, aloft lifted him Volund,
weeping, Bothvild went from the isle,
his flight fearing, and her father's wrath.


Hollander thinks there may be lines missing here, basically saying that though I cannot use my hamstrung feet, I've forged me wings, and I'll fly with my strong arms. Orchard points out that Thiðreks saga does report that Volund manufactured the wings himself. Here, clearly he escapes from his smithy prison in the same manner that Daidalos escaped from his smithy prison.

Volund flies to Nídud's hall, and perches high there to taunt the king. Seeing him there Nídud speaks...
QUOTE
"Make answer, Volund, thou alfs' leader!
What hath become of my hapless boys?"

(Volund said:)
"Ere shalt thou swear all oaths to me,
by ship's bulwark and shield's border,
by swift steed's shoulder and sharpest sword:
that to Volund's wife thou work no harm,
nor brew for my bride baleful counsel,
though wife I have whom well ye know,
or child I have thy hall within.

"To the smithy wend, for Volund builded,
there the bellows shalt all bloody find:
I hewed off the heads of thy hapless boys,
and their bodies buried 'neath the bellows' pit.

"With skill their skulls 'neath the scalp which lay
in silver I set and sent them to thee;
of the bairns' eyeballs shining beads I wrought
and gave to the cunning queen of Níthoth.

But out of the twain's teeth made Volund
beauteous brooches and to Bothvild sent them;
and now Bothvild is big with child,
your only daughter, dear to you both."

(Níthoth said:)
"Ne'er said'st thou word which saddened me more
nor I wished, Volund, worse to avenge:
but so high no one, to haul thee down,
nor so strong, belike, from below to shoot thee,
so high since hoverest 'neath very heaven"

Laughing, aloft lifted him Volund,
in sorrow Níthoth sate behind, then.



Finally, I found another passage in Kveldulf Gundarsson's Teutonic Religion:
QUOTE
Weyland the Smith (Old Norse Völundr)

The story of Weyland, the greatest of smiths, was well-known to both the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse.  Weyland was captured by the king Nithad, robbed of his sword and the ring he had made for his wife, hamstrung, and forced to work for his foe.  In revenge, he slew Nithad's two sons, making drinking bowls out of their skulls for the king and brooches out of their eyes for the queen.  He also raped Nithad's daughter Bödhvildr.  Weyland escaped from his captivity by forging a pair of wings and flying away after he had gained his revenge.

The Anglo-Saxons worshipped Weyland as a lesser god; a shrine to him, "Weyland's Smithy," still stands in England.  It is fitting to make gifts to him if you wish help in works of craftsmanship.

The tale of Weyland is told in the Eddic poem "Völundarkvidha," where he is called "wise alf."  Images from the poem appear on a couple of Viking Age rock carvings in Gotland and Great Britain; the Anglo-Saxon poem "Deor" speaks of Bödhvildr's sufferings after Weyland had left her pregnant.  Weyland also appears as a character in Thidhreks saga.


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Kice Brown
Posted: February 9, 2007 | 5:10 GMT
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Sometimes one wonders how precise or accurate certain translators are. Hollander's is my only translation of The Poetic Edda, and in looking for some other translations to order, I noticed his translation being criticized for emphasizing poetry over precision. I'll see how different the versions I've ordered are.

In the meantime I've noted Bellow's translation of the Volundarkvitha (from his Poetic Edda, at the following website: http://www.waylands.net/public/smithy/volund.htm

He points out the prose sections as the composition of an annotator(s), who also added the various indications of who is speaking. The poem itself is (perhaps much) older than these annotations. Bellows argues that it is only the annotator who identifies the three swan-maiden wives as valkyries, in addition to being swan-maidens. His translation of the poem differs considerably from Hollander's in avoiding any reference to valkyries, direct or indirect, in reference to the wives. Indeed this is clear from the very first stanza of the poem. Hollander's translation:
QUOTE
1. Three maidens flew through Myrkvith from Southland,
young valkyries, in wars to try them;
they sate by the lake, their limbs to rest,
fair southron maids, precious flax spinning;


Bellows' translation:
QUOTE
1. Maids from the south through Myrkwood flew,
Fair and young, their fate to follow;
On the shore of the sea to rest them they sat,
The maids of the south, and flax they spun.


That the brothers were sons of the King of the Finns, Bellows also points out as a contention of the annotator(s), noting again their reputation for being magical. In the poem Volund is always identifed as elvin, indeed the epithet(s) that Hollander translates as "lord of alfs" and as "alfs' leader", Bellows translates as "greatest of elves."

I was mistaken above when I mentioned that neither brother is noted after they leave Wolfdale ("Ulfdalir") to search for their swan-wives. Though not noted in this poem, Egil the archer somehow comes to Volund's aid. In Thiðreks saga Egil is said to have shot down the birds whose feathers Volund used in manufacturing his wings. Indeed the 7th century Franks casket interestingly has a carved scene of hamstrung Volund sitting at his smithy with Egil outside shooting arrows up towards the sky and another carved scene (labeled due to its lesser familiarity) of the adoration of the Magi.

One thing that had struck me is how similar is the concept of Volund donning his self-made wings to fly and the swan-maidens donning their swanskins to fly. Both may resolve to feather-adorned shaman (and shamanka) robes, donned before a ritual journey to the spirit-world. Indeed, this may have been the ultimate source for Daidalos' wings and flight.


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Grazacham
Posted: February 9, 2007 | 15:29 GMT
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QUOTE (Kice Brown @ February 4, 2007 | 17:30 GMT)
Perhaps it's not so inappropriate that this discussion has meandered, n'est-ce pas

The shield of Achilles is usually envisaged by scholars with it's scenes arranged in concentric circles, presumably on the model of the shield of Agamemnon (Iliad 2:32-7) which had "ten circles of bronze upon it". This means the fifth circle corresponds to the rim of the shield, on which we’re told Oceanus was represented. Given the only kind of shield design that might have been contemporary with Homer would have been executed in the Geometric style, the obvious way to represented Oceanus on the rim would have been with a meander. I find it interesting that, as described by Homer, the dance scene was placed next to the rim in the fourth circle. (Can’t imagine what kind of Geometric "filling" device would have symbolized dance, though.)



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Kice Brown
Posted: February 15, 2007 | 5:53 GMT
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I received by UPS two additional translations: (1) Poems of the Elder Edda, Revised Edition, translated by Patricia Terry (1969; 1990). (ISBN 0-8122-8220-5) AND (2) The Poetic Edda: A new translation by Carolyne Larrington (1996) (ISBN 0-19-283946-2).

Whereas Bellows translates the first stanza of the Lay of Volund (see above) without any suggestion the flying maidens are valkyries (recall he argues that the representation the swan-maidens were also valkyries was a conception of the annotator (in prose) and not apparent in the earlier originally orally transmitted poem), Terry's translation does carry the implication:
QUOTE
Maidens flew from the south through Mirkwood,
young and wise, on their way to wars;
beside a lake the southern maidens
sat down to rest and spin fine flax.


On the other hand, Larrington's translation agrees more with Bellows':
QUOTE
The maidens flew from the south across Mirkwood,
the strange, young creatures, to fulfil their fate;
there on the lake shore they sat to rest,
the southern ladies spun precious linen.


Another stanza Hollander translates thus:
QUOTE
Thus dwelled the sisters seven winters,
but on the eighth ay in yearning,
but on the ninth they needs must part:
longed the maidens through Myrkvith to fly,
the young valkyries, in wars to try them.


So too, Terry:
QUOTE
So they lived for seven years,
but the eighth they started yearning,
and the ninth could remain no longer;
the maidens wanted to go through Mirkwood,
young valkyries on their way to wars.


While both these translations would belie Bellows contention the poem does not characterize the swan-maidens as valkyries, again Bellows and Larrington's translations offer no implication of that.

Bellows:
QUOTE
There did they sit for seven winters,
In the eighth at last came their longing again,
(And in the ninth did need divide them).
The maidens yearned for the murky wood,
The fair young maids, their fate to follow


Larrington:
QUOTE
They stayed thus for seven winters,
but all the eighth they suffered anguish,
and in the ninth necessity parted them;
the maidens hastened through Mirkwood,
the strange, young creatures, to fulfil their fate.


Clearly the phrases (apparently found in both stanzas) that Hollander and Terry translate as referring to war or battle, Bellows and Larrington translate as referring to a personal fate.

Note that all these translators, in translating the annotator's prose introduction to the Lay of Volund, do refer to the maidens as valkyries and to battle:

Hollander: "Early one morn they found by the shore three women who were spinning flax. By them lay their swanskins, for they were valkyries. . . . Thus dwelled they seven years. Then flew they away to be at battles, and did not return."

Bellows: "Early one morning they found on the shore of the lake three women, who were spinning flax. Near them were their swan-garments, for they were Valkyries. . . . There they dwelt seven winters; but then they flew away to find battles, and came back no more."

Terry: "Early one morning they found on the shore three women who were spinning flax. Their swanskins were lying beside them. They were valkyries; . . . They lived together for seven years. Then the valkyries flew away to go to battles, and didn't come back."

Larrington: "Early in the morning, they found three women on the shore, and they were spinning linen. Near them were their swan's garments; they were valkyries. . . . They lived together seven winters. Then the women flew off to go to a battle and did not come back."

Terry's translation of Volund's epithets are "The Master of Elves" and "Elf King" and "Lord of Elves." Larrington translates these, in order, as "Prince of Elves" and "Lord of Elves" and again "Prince of Elves."

Following her translation of the Lay of Volund, Terry provides this information:
QUOTE
Considered to be one of the earliest of the collection -- Hollander suggests the ninth century -- the story of Volund the smith is alluded to in the earlier Anglo-Saxon "Deor's Lament," and is portrayed on a whalebone jewel-case which may be a century earlier yet.  Hallberg refers also to Germanic sources, possibly the origin of both the English and Norse traditions.  Volund fashioned wings for himself during his imprisonment, in the manner of Daedalus.  Hallberg points out that the word for labyrinth in modern Icelandic is volundar.


In the stanza where Volund seduces and rapes Bödvild, Larrington annotes the phrase (in her translation) overcame her with beer, by noting the "scene is illustrated on the eighth-century whalebone box known as the Franks Casket, which can be seen in the British Museum."

Larrington's translation of the stanza in which Volund then takes flight is rather unique among the four translations:
QUOTE
'Lucky for me', said Volund, 'that I can use my webbed feet,
of which Nidud's warriors deprived me!'
Laughing, Volund rose into the air;
The other translations all have Volund (recall he had been hamstrung at Nidud's orders) wishing he could walk -- apparently an ironic or sarcastic statement (to Bödvild?) since then he rises into the air with (triumphant?) laughter. Hollander does footnote the line about wishing he could walk as "Conjectural." Larrington annotates her webbed feet thus "this phrase, and the crippled smith's method of escape from the island, remain obscure. It is possible that the ring which he has now recovered has some transformative power, changing Volund into a swan (hence the webbed feet), like the swan-maiden for whom it was made. The later prose account of the story Thidreks saga, has Volund's brother Egil come to his rescue, shooting down geese with his bow so that the smith can make himself wings. This scene may also be illustrated on the Franks Casket." Finally, she annotates Volund's declaration that Bödvild is with child, with "in Thidreks saga Volund returns with an army, kills Nidud, and marries Bodvild. Their son, Vidia, becomes a great Germanic hero."

One final intriguing set of epithets for Volund.
QUOTE
Hollander:
Came the weather-wise from the woods striding,
from hunting weary, Volund the Smith.

Terry:
The weather-wise hunter came back home;
Volund was tired, he'd traveled far.

Bellows:
Volund home from his hunting came,
From a weary way, the weather-wise bowman,

Larrington:
Then came from hunting the weather-eyed shooter,
Volund, travelling over the long road.


Three of these translations identify Volund as "weather-wise" while the last identifies him as "weather-eyed." This epithet appears to refer to some supernatural ability Volund has -- either to alter the weather or more likely, given the joint implication of "wisdom" and "sight," to foresee the weather with accuracy -- certainly a boon to a huntsman.


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